Dev. Mol. (1999). Transgenic crops against parasites. Phytochemistry 109, 5765. A better understanding of the biochemistry of host recognition in broomrape will facilitate the generation of control strategies targeting the haustorium development. However, seven broomrape species, Orobanche crenata, O. cernua, O. cumana, O. foetida, O. minor, Phelipanche aegyptiaca, and P. ramosa have specialized on attacking crops causing trouble in agriculture along Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia (Parker, 2009). Ann. Babiker, A. G. T., Ahmed, E. A., Dawoud, D. A., and Abdrella, N. K. (2007). A member of the tropical Silky Flycatcher family, males are a shiny black and females a charcoal grey. We are trying to predict the timing of germination of broomrape based on the soil temperature and moisture, Mesgaran said. This paper reviews relevant facts about the biology of broomrape weeds, the key mechanisms they employ to attack crops and the control methods already developed or in development that directly target those mechanisms. Before 27, 173178. Evaluation of amino acids as turfgrass nematicides. Mol. A novel approach to Striga and Orobanche control using synthetic germination stimulants. The broomrape plant is small, from 10-60 cm tall depending on species. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err246, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Sillero, J. C., and Rubiales, D. (2007). broomrape and bursage relationship - cftreeservice.com However, the overall productivity of the host-parasite system is also reduced due to the shorter growing period being detrimental for crop yield. (2008). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00477.x, Southwood, O. R. (1971). Abu-Irmaileh B. E. (1994). Though, the effect of L-methionine on internal crop resistance was not studied and requires further investigation. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Phytomyza orobanchia is reported to be broomrape-specific and its main action as biocontrol agent is by reduction of broomrape reproductive activity due to their feeding activity on ovules and young seeds. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3180.1998.00105.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., and Scholes, J. D. (1998). (2010). Several classes of germination stimulants have been identified in root exudates such as strigolactones (Xie et al., 2010), peagol and peagoldione (Evidente et al., 2009), peapolyphenols AC (Evidente et al., 2010), soyasapogenol B, trans-22-dehydrocampesterol (Evidente et al., 2011), dehydrocostus lactone (Joel et al., 2011), or isothyocyanates (Auger et al., 2012). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Although hard seed coat has been described as dormancy mechanism in newly formed broomrape seeds (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996), water uptake and imbibition are performed quickly by mature seeds through the micropyle without the need of scarification (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993; Joel et al., 2012). Germination response of Orobanche seeds subjected to conditioning temperature, water potential and growth regulator treatments. It's a cute little bird - the Phainopepla. Based on those conditions, methionine has the potential to be used as broomrape herbicide but it needs to be confirmed and its application adjusted to real field conditions. Plant Growth Regul. Seed respiration patterns during conditioning indicate a strong activation of metabolism. 111, 193202. 155, 728734. Solute fluxes from tobacco to the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche cernua and the influence of infection on host carbon and nitrogen relations. Host specificity in broomrape species is usually indirectly related to the predictability of nutritive resources. Crop Prot. The timing of herbicide application is essential.. doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0410-1, Zehhar, N., Ingouff, M., Bouya, D., and Fer, A. A variety of methods have been developed to specifically neutralize broomrape pre-attached development though the majority of them are not commercially implemented because they are still at the stage of development or have not proved enough efficiency or applicability for large scale crops. Upon host detection, the broomrape radicle stops elongating and terminal haustorium is differentiated as an anchoring device. 83, 453458. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. Influence of soil moisture on activity and persistence of the strigol analogue GR 24. Some broomrape species are outcrossers while others are self-pollinating. (2004). Infection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) by crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) as influenced by sowing date and weather conditions. 122, 275281. Agric. Induction of phenolic compounds in pea (Pisum sativum L.) inoculated by Rhizobium leguminosarum and infected with Orobanche crenata. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2. (2007a). doi: 10.1002/ps.1716. Pest Manag. Bioinspired chitinous material solutions for environmental sustainability and medicine. Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) broomrape and bursage relationship. Babiker, A. G. T. (2008). 65, 492496. Management of Infection by Parasitic Weeds: A Review. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. Zhang, Y., Luc, J. E., and Crow, W. T. (2010). An official website of the United States government. doi: 10.1614/P2002-151, Rubiales, D., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Prez-de-Luque, A., Castillejo, M. A., Prats, E., Sillero, J., et al. Figure 1. The consequent reduced flux of water and nutrients toward the parasite, low utilization of host-derived sucrose and lower levels of soluble proteins limits the parasitic sink strength and yield losses due to broomrape parasitism (Abbes et al., 2009). doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.009, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009b). Mediterr. The efficient action of the biological control agent will depend on its ability to remain active over a large range of ecological conditions (Aly, 2007). In return they develop haustoria to feed off other plants (Kuijt, 1969; Musselman and Dickison, 1975). What we have often seen is that the solution has to propose a modification that makes the parasitic life cycle unfit to that of the crop. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0629, Johnson, A. W., Rosebery, G., and Parker, C. (1976). doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00070-8, Antonova, T. S., and Ter Borg, S. J. Post-germination development in broomrape could be probably regulated by their own broomrape-encoded strigolactones as it occurs in the close related parasite Striga hermonthica or in non-parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014; Das et al., 2015). Plant 51, 391394. J. Ecosyst. Its high cost per surface unit makes this method not readily applicable at large scale (Joel, 2000). Biotic inducers of systemic resistance have also proved being successful against broomrape parasitism under experimental conditions. This is a short and delicate stage where the parasite either connects with the host or dies due to nutrient exhaustion. Plant Growth Regul. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. Divers. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. "Broomrape is easily spread by equipment, boots and water," he said. J. Agric. (2009). (1981). Phytopathol. The Broomrape family comprises more than 2000 species of annual and perennial herbs or shrubs, nearly all of which are parasitic on the roots of other plants. 43, 6371. Sci. management in pea (Pisum sativum L.). The following sections and Table 1 review the major feasible control measures for broomrape control. In broomrape species, the chemistry of host recognition for haustorium initiation remains uncharacterized. Second, broomrape weed exerts their damage underground right after attachment and therefore, contact herbicides applied after broomrape emergence, e.g., 2,4-D, had no effect on limiting yield loss in the current crop. Correlated evolution of life history and host range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plants Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae). Beechdrops ranges from New Brunswick west to Ontario and Missouri and south to the Gulf of Mexico. (2007b). Expression of a defense-related 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase gene in response to parasitism by Orobanche spp. The capacity of P. orobanchia to reduce broomrape populations is limited by cultural practices and antagonists (Klein and Kroschel, 2002; Aly, 2007). doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. doi: 10.1007/s11248-004-8081-9, Song, W. J., Zhou, W. J., Jin, Z. L., Cao, D. D., Joel, D. M., Takeuchi, Y., et al. The length and temperature required to promote seed conditioning depends on the broomrape species but are usually described under laboratory conditions in a range of 412 days at a temperature of 1923C, in dark and humid conditions (Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2004; Lechat et al., 2012). Joel, D. M. (2013). Mol. Broomrape, commonly called Orobanche, is a genus of more than 200 species of herbaceous plants native to the temperate northern hemisphere. Can. J. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. National Library of Medicine 69, 463472. Biology and management of weedy root parasites. A., and Rubiales, D. (2010b). (2007). (2001). Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. The Broomrape takes its food, nutrients, and water from the roots of the Bursage which weakens the Bursage. Application of phosphate or nitrogen to deficient soil reduces broomrape parasitism on clover and tomato (Southwood, 1971; Jain and Foy, 1992). 88, 859868. The Broomrape takes its food, nutrients, and water from the roots of the Bursage which weakens the Bursage. Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said Brad Hanson, UC Cooperative Extension weed specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis. doi: 10.1021/jf403738p, Finch-Savage, W. E., and Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Mater. Seed response to strigolactone is controlled by abscisic acid-independent DNA methylation in the obligate root parasitic plant, Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel. Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. Pest Manag. Weed Sci. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1999). Annu. Prez-Vich, B., Velasco, L., Rich, P. J., and Ejeta, G. (2013). Ryecyanatines A and B and ryecarbonitrilines A and B, substituted cyanatophenol, cyanato-benzo[1,3] diole, and benzo[1,3]dioxolecarbonitriles from rye (Secale cereale L.) root exudates: new metabolites with allelophatic activity on Orobanche seed germination and radicle growth. Linke, K. H., and Saxena, M. C. (1991). Edits and additions by Ann Filmer, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis; August 14, 2019. Kusumoto, D., Goldwasser, Y., Xie, X., Yoneyama, K., and Takeuchi, Y. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erv119, Lechat, M. M., Pouvreau, J. J. Phytopathol. Preconditioning and germination of Orobanche seeds: respiration and protein synthesis. 8600 Rockville Pike For each broomrape-crop association, broomrape germination potential is defined by the combination of both, the stimulatory capability of crop root exudates and the sensitivity of parasitic receptors to recognize specific forms of germination-inducing factors (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008a, 2009b, 2011). broomrape and bursage relationship. Each broomrape species show specificity not only for root exudates in order to germinate but also for host species to invade and feed on, being the germination-stimulatory range usually broader than the actual host range (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b). Crop Prot. Biocontrol Sci. Thidiazuron stimulates germination and ethylene production in Striga hermonthica comparison with the effects of GR24, ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). New Phytol. The target-site herbicide-resistance is based on a modification of the enzyme in such a way that it binds to its normal substrate in the amino acid biosynthesis pathway but not to the herbicide. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1996). Biol. Sholmer-Ilan, A. Hanson is part of a team of UC researchers enlisted by the processing tomato sector to work on a plan to contain the damage caused by branched broomrape, should it become established enough that the California Department of Food and Agriculture zero-tolerance quarantine strategy is replaced by management programs. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.09.017. Plant. Although some examples of successful control do exist for some crops, the majority of commercially available control methods are either not fully effective or not applicable to many of the affected crops, especially in the case of low-input crops (Joel, 2000). Plant Microbe Interact. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00548.x. Br. This strategy requires a careful calibration of doses and timing depending on the host crop and underground phenology of broomrape determined by local conditions and crop (Hershenhorn et al., 1998, 2009; Eizenberg et al., 2006). Phytopathol. Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. Suttle, J. C. (1983). Mechanisms limiting the geographical range of the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. The attachment organ of the parasitic angiosperms Orobanche cumana and O. aegyptiaca and its development. A. S. Lpez, E. I. Martnez, T. R. Blas, M. C. Lpez, and J. P. Sestelo (A Corua: Dario Prada-Rodrguez of University of A Corua), 688. Recherches sur les phanerogames parasites (etude dOrobanche hederae Duby). Genetic Diversity of Orobanche cumana Populations in Serbia. Control the Striga conundrum. Induced resistance an innovative approach to manage branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in hemp and tobacco. (2007). Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm032, Ben-Hod, G., Losner-Goshen, D., Joel, D. M., and Mayer, A. M. (1993). 42, 5760. The first mechanism involved in host specialization is displayed during broomrape germination and is mediated by the broomrape recognition of host root exudates in a species-specific manner. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/broomrape, Illinois Wildflowers - One-Flowered Broomrape, University of California - Branched Broomrape. orthoceras. New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. Plant Cell Physiol. Close related parasitic plants of Orobanchaceae such as Striga and Triphysaria use host derived phenolic derivatives to induce haustorium differentiation (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Albrecht et al., 1999; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Influence of nitrogen on germination and early development of broomrape (Orobanche spp.). This spatial/temporal frame defines the maximum host-reaching distance for successful broomrape parasitism. Planta 235, 11971207. The long-term approach to parasitic weeds control: manipulation of specific developmental mechanisms of the parasite. Plant Cell Physiol. Molecular responses of Lotus japonicus to parasitism by the compatible species Orobanche aegyptiaca and the incompatible species Striga hermonthica. 3rd class relic of the true cross. The concept of trap crops refers to the cultivation of crop species whose root exudates exhibit high germination-inducing activity on broomrape seeds, but these species do not become infected because they are resistant to later stages of the parasitic process indirectly leading to the killing of the young broomrape seedlings due to the lack of proper host. 52, 10501053. Recent approaches for chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp.) Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Westwood, J. H., Yu, X., Foy, C. L., and Cramer, C. L. (1998). Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. Weed Res. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Avolio, F., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., Yoneyama, K., et al. Parker, C., and Riches, C. R. (1993). Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. Regarding carbon assimilation broomrape takes it from the host phloem mainly in the form of sucrose (Aber et al., 1983; Hibberd et al., 1999). Delaying sowing date has, however, a general drawback by reducing yield potential under normal development so that plant breeding program tend generally to favor long lasting cultivars with early sowing dates. Nitrogen metabolism remains largely unknown in broomrape. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr031, Nandula, V. K., Foster, J. G., and Foy, C. L. (2000). 52, 699715. Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00120.1, Eizenberg, H., Colquhoun, J. The first function of haustorium is as adhesion organ to host root surface mediated by a papillae cell layer; (E) adhesion to the root 3 days after germination induction; (F) upon vascular connection with the host, broomape initiates the development of the tubercle, the broomrape storage organ for host-derived nutrients. Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. 62, 1048510492. Processing tomato growers are struggling to contain a potentially devastating parasitic weed that had not been seen since growers waged a successful eradication campaign four decades ago. The short version of the story is that "broomrape" is the partially translated 16th-century name of a genus of plants, Genista: European plants called brooms. is a parasitic plant that feeds on sunflower roots. Sci. Besides arginine and aspartate, other major forms of amino acids translocate from the host phloem but they are rapidly utilized by broomrape. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00742.x, Rubiales, D., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., and Rodriguez, M. J. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. Once a field is infested, controlling the broomrape seed bank is very difficult due to its high resilience. The significance of this structure in broomrape parasitism requires further investigation. doi: 10.1111/nph.12692, Logan, D., and Stewart, G. R. (1995). Aust. Biol. Trophic Relationships between the Parasitic Plant Species Phelipanche 54, 923927. Home wwe 2k20 moveset broomrape and bursage relationship. Nat. Systemic acquired resistance in crop protection: from nature to chemical approach. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2009.00340.x, Drr, I. Agric. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(93)85145-H, Bennett, J. R., and Mathews, S. (2006). Control 28, 110. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Evaluation of Fusarium spp. We are trying to hedge our bets, in terms of registering something we can use on tomatoes.. Dehydrocostus lactone is exuded from sunflower roots and stimulates germination of the root parasite Orobanche cumana. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.011, Losner-Goshen, D., Portnoy, V. H., Mayer, A. M., and Joel, D. M. (1998). doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr176. doi: 10.1017/S0960258500002671, Lpez-Bellido, R. J., Bentez-Vega, J., and Lpez-Bellido, L. (2009). For instance, tori (Brassica campestris var. 47, 452460. Plant Dis. J. Exp. A swelling of the host root at the penetration point is also observed due the parasitic stimulation of host tissue proliferation; (G) tubercle develops a crown of adventicious roots; (H) tubercle differentiates apical shoot meristem (single shoot meristem for Orobanche species and several shoot meristems for Phelipanche species); (I) the underground shoot eventually emerges through the root surface; (J) flowering and pollination occur. FIGURE 2. J. Agric. 1), 3437. Host plant resistance to parasitic weeds; recent progress and bottlenecks. (2006). The angiospermous root parasite Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) induces expression of a pathogenesis related (PR) gene in susceptible tobacco roots. Plant Physiol. Crop Prot. *Correspondence: Mnica Fernndez-Aparicio, monica.fernandez@dijon.inra.fr, View all Biochem. Plakhine, D., Ziadna, H., and Joel, D. M. (2009). The Flower That Must Not Be Named - The New York Times (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.22 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and upon host-induced germination, only a radicle emerges from the seed with the function of searching and contacting the host root; (D) upon haustorial induction, the radicle stops elongating and a single terminal haustorium is differentiated. However, hyphae of specific pathogens are able to penetrate the seed coat of broomrape dormant seeds, dissolving the endosperm cell walls and metabolizing the cytoplasm. 58, 29022907. 70, 224229. eCollection 2021 Sep 13. Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) Front. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). Natural metabolites for parasitic weed management. Abiotic inducers of SAR thus represent an innovative approach to control broomrape parasitism. The root-parasitic broomrape species cause severe damage to eld and vegetable crops worldwide. Broomrape Eradication is High Priority for UC Researchers, Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said, The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several, Hanson and fellow researchers UC Davis assistant professor, Vergara presents findings on farmer-to-farmer education in Panama, Melotto named AAAS fellow for work in plant defenses against bacteria, Yasay accident report released by Davis Police, Poudel wins AAUW International Fellowship, Our leadership-Plant Sciences Executive Committee, Guidelines for Departmental GSR Annual Progress Report and Final Report, Plant Sciences Graduate Student Travel Award, Plant Sciences Teaching Assistantship (TA) Application (temporary link). Shortly after host penetration and connection, the parasite begins its heterotrophic growth at the expense of host resources. Solarization is a thermal soil disinfestation method that shows high efficiency reducing the viability of the broomrape seed bank along with other harmful organisms to crops such as plant-parasitic nematodes, disease causing microorganisms and non-parasitic weeds. It remains unknown whether host factors are required by broomrape radicle to initiate haustorium and consequently this strategy has not been fully explored. Acta 108, 4755. A. C. Verkleij, and S. C. ter Borg (Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute), 146156. Planta. Target-site resistances have been successfully developed in crops either by classical breeding such as sunflower, by screening mutagenized crop populations such as the case of oilseed rape or by transgenic techniques such as tomato, tobacco, carrots, and oilseed rape (Joel et al., 1995; Aviv et al., 2002; Slavov et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2005). Field response of Lathyrus cicera germplasm to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Available at: www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Van Delft, G. J., Graves, J. D., Fitter, A. H., and Van Ast, A. Careful selection of the non-host component in the intercrop is, however, required as some plant species can act as non-host facilitators and therefore increase the severity of broomrape infection in the host component (Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2013). Babiker, A. G. T., Hamdoun, A. M., Rudwan, A., Mansi, N. G., and Faki, H. H. (1987). FOIA 27, 653659. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00771.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009a). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049273. doi: 10.1086/283185, Auger, B., Pouvreau, J. This is how can we live with this without huge yield losses. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00272.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Jeschke, W. D. (1999). Figure 1. Chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control. Suttle, J. C., and Schreiner, D. R. (1982). broomrape and bursage relationship. In this regard, France is doing valuable work through the Technical Center for Oilseed Crops and Industrial Hemp, Terresinovia, where a nationwide survey of infested fields is actualized online on real time by the farmers with new cases emerging every year and recently toward new regions such as the French Centre region1 Several studies suggest that large areas of new territory are at risk of invasion by broomrape (Mohamed et al., 2006; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007), and in fact, invasions in completely new regions are already emerging in countries such as Spain, UK, France, Algeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan (Reda, 2006; Babiker et al., 2007; Babiker, 2008; Rubiales et al., 2008; Abu-Irmaileh and Labrada, 2009; Parker, 2014). Res. 47, 153159. Once broomrape germination has occurred, chemicals that reduce the growth of broomrape radicle reduce the chances of reaching the host and therefore parasitism. 51, 707716. Joel, D. M. (2000).
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