radiations. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. 2013;5:5500110. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? 2015;51:15865. PubMed However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. 2004;23:20114. Chin J Indus Hyg. Google Scholar. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. CAS J Neuro. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Technol Cancer Res Treat. PubMed Central 1990;39:13543. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Wang Q, Cao Z. 2008;22:9927. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. 2014;53:22230. CAS Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. 2015;148:150. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. 2013;42:428. Article 1994;8:714. 1999;4:102. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Gene. J Natl Cancer Inst. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2016;25:31827. 2014;9:e95503. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Specifically, the Federal Communications . PubMed Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Cassel et al. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. 2016;397:2239. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Google Scholar. Behav Brain Res. Neurosci Lett. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Merola et al. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). 2014;90:2935. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. 2012;62:22336. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. 2004;996:8996. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Gold PE. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Professor, Asst Director at VIT [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Koch C, Zador A. Google Scholar. 2014;70:84555. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. 2003;41:26887. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. PubMed biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. BMJ. Acta Neurol Belg. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Wang et al. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. 2017;326:291. Smythe JW, Costall B. 2009;63:10106. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. 2012;3:3440. Bioelectromagnetics. Int J Radiat Biol. Cookies policy. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Neurol Sci. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Biomed Environ Sci. 2005;360:6577. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. 2014;8:63. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Surg Neurol. 1994;15:95104. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. 2002;64:31353. PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. 1984;11:4760. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. 2011;31:2293301. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Dasdag et al. 2017;52:23947. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Richter et al. 2012;112:1715. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large J Med Food. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. 2006;12:44651. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Wang et al. Neuroreport. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. 2002;13:11921. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Correspondence to 2013;32:27380. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. 2000;11:16413. 1992;6:379. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Biochem J. Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Cancer Res. Biol Chem. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. J Pharm Sci. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. The role of microRNAs in cancer. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. 2002;57:2702. 2015;28:1324. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Google Scholar. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2005;161:52635. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. 2016;53:210011. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Qutob et al. Int J Epidemiol. PubMed 2009;72:20514. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. & Hu, XJ. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Zhang et al. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats.
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