Signals Intelligence Specialists | Careers in the Military The Joint Defence Facility Nurrungar (JDFN), located approximately 9 Mi south of Woomera, South Australia, was a ground station operated by the Australian Department of Defence and the USAF. [54], Israeli Elbit provides the TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which covers 218GHz, provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency).[54][58]. [32] The system will be getting incremental improvements, which reflect both improvements in technology and in military organizational structure Joint Staff Counterintelligence Awareness and Reporting (CIAR - Quizlet Non literal intelligence include; imagery intelligence (IMINT), Electronic intelligence (ELINT), Foreign instrumentation systems (FISINT), radar intelligence (RADINT), Non . J .+0w%}`G\/Jiy(~86iBEziI/cg2"!LR%c|O, W #. Technology's impact on intelligence collection | The Hill This system operates in the HF, VHF and UHF spectra. Beavers, however, had poor capabilities. Poland's Marynarka Wojenna operates ORP Hydrograf and ORP Nawigator.[47][48][49]. In 1992, a tactically oriented Counter-Electronic Warfare Department was created. [57] "However, submarines also have a contribution to make in deterring and countering the asymmetric threats that now preoccupy Canadian/US (CANUS) planners. RREP SS-1 modules may operate independently or semi-independently. [92] Italy is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners.[93]. In both these cases, SIGINT represents a very major portion of the growth in assets. [59], Under the code names HOLYSTONE, PINNACLE, BOLLARD, and BARNACLE,[60][61] began in 1959, US submarines infiltrated Soviet harbors to tap communications cables and gather SIGINT. The JMCGS is controlled by the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) and is being operated under the UKUSA agreement meaning that all data obtained is being shared with the NSA. The collection of signals intelligence is necessary for the United States to advance its national security and foreign policy interests and to protect its citizens and the citizens of its allies and partners from harm. This information is frequently in foreign languages and dialects, is protected by codes and other security measures, and involves complex technical characteristics. Satellite communications generally must be intercepted by large parabolic antennas on the ground, although there are possibilities that aircraft, intelligence satellites, and ships might also intercept. [20] Meanwhile, the Waihopai Station was built by the Fourth Labour Government in April 1988 and began operations on September 8, 1989. The system is designed to have an automated tasking and reporting data link to other MAGTF assets such as the AN/TSQ-130 Technical Control and Analysis Center (TCAC) PIP. There was additional consensus on merging the WEU into the EU. ES contains the AN/BLQ-10 SIGINT system, which gives detection, emitter location and MASINT identification, direction finding, and strategic intelligence support. Signals Intelligence Analyst (35N) Instructor - HTASC - 111. [28] He places its Detachment 2 located at Sabana Seca, Puerto Rico; Detachment 3 at Sugar Grove, West Virginia; and Detachment 4 at Yakima, Washington. [citation needed] Originally manufactured by the companies MBB, Nord Aviation and VFW formed the Transall group in 1959 for the development and production of the C-160 for the air forces of France, Germany, South Africa and Turkey. ="ht#yh `f Protect the nation's critical assets, like our advanced technologies and . Jeffrey Richelson, for the George Washington University National Security Archive, links the Air Force's 544th Intelligence Group with ECHELON operations. [85] The SLOROS is reported to have a range of at least 62 miles (100km). The domestic SAAB Grintek Defence (Formally Avitronics) firm installs the Shrike ESM system, covering 218GHz, as does the Israeli Elbit TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency). It can operate standalone, or network using VHF (PR4G) and HF (TRC3700) communication systems for networking with other SAEC and the SGEA higher level EW system. Signals intelligence | Military Wiki | Fandom Gulfstream executive jets are another platform of interest. T The TPCS upgrade made up of three subsystems: Intended for the Radio Reconnaissance Teams attached to Marine Expeditionary Units, the radio reconnaissance equipment program (RREP) SIGINT suite (SS)-1 is a semiautomated, integrated, open architecture radio intercept and DF system composed of a ruggedized computer and six functional modules that plug together. Australia also has ordered this aircraft. 0s2#`<3:}pnBW,A)"ZBcD L&PXI"\i 3Y"3-gSp-we"P8-o4}_ 1 .ZsFW6S4~La-]"?a(]L\L`uC$Z\s0 Q`'/Hgt]0?PT7B/baB.K!KXTNcwv ZXVmj? 3X%?G%_oU8h etG3 endobj NONLITERAL COLLECTION FOR STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE AND COMBAT/TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE Unlike literal collection, Nonliteral collection requires expertise in processing and exploitation in order for analysts to make use of it. impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform Artificial Intelligence. }eLw1FV7',J CA6M[Asn6z. Rio SIGINT capabilities meet rigorous mission requirements for small, manned and unmanned intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance platforms with the ability to intercept, locate, monitor and record communication signals using a common set of software applications. Germany operates several tactical ground platforms for SIGINT gathering. Journalist Duncan Campbell alleges that Ayios Nikolaos Station on Cyprus is a British SigInt collection installation. In an era of complex geopolitics of peer and near-peer adversaries racing to advance electronic warfare (EW), the U.S. Marine Corps, like the other services, is centering on improving its signals intelligence (SIGINT) and electronic warfare operations. It also can operate in a stand-alone mode. SIGINT capability, however, is fairly rare, with France in the Western European lead. In addition to the AN/SLQ-32, Arleigh Burke-class destroyers are in the process of evaluating an open-architecture Integrated Radar/Optical Sighting and Surveillance System (IROS3) and Ship Protection system, currently including an AN/SPS-73 radar, an electro-optical/infrared sensor, acoustic sensors and spotlights, coupled with remotely controlled machine guns. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - National Security Agency JUMPSEAT ELINT satellites, using a Moliyna orbit, started launching in 1975. [52] The AN/SSQ-120 has HF, VHF, and UHF antennas and direction-finding logic.[53]. [54], Israeli Elbit provides the TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which covers 218GHz, provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency). While some may call "Transformation of the United States Army" a "buzzword", the idea reflects some very major changes. Explained: How modern technology is giving spy balloons a new life This system provides SIGINT as well as airborne radar warning and control. In the 1994 Air Intelligence Agency (AIA) history, Misawa is specifically associated with ECHELON only in the context of a collection system called LADYLOVE. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Systems - L3Harris Fast. Forward. Both companies are now part of EADS (European Aeronautics Defence and Space). [56], Canada's acquisition of reconditioned British diesel-electric submarines (ex-Upholder class, now Victoria-class submarine) raised eyebrows of many analysts, wondering how these could have a strategic effect given the strength of Canada's southern neighbour's undersea strength. While pigeons can probably be safe, other collection techniques may enjoy a resurgence. According to the peace researcher and journalist Nicky Hager, this station was used to support British and later American military operations in Southeast Asia. [62], US submarines infiltrated the territorial waters of potential opponents to raise low-observability antennas and collect radio SIGINT. After its experience in the Falklands, Argentina had a 707 converted to an ELINT aircraft by Israel. NSAproduces intelligence in response to formal requirements levied by those who have an official need for intelligence, including all departments of the Executive Branch of the United States Government. Essaims operate in a linked system of three active satellites with an in-orbit spare. [5] Reports by journalists, cited in the European Parliament report, confirm the Domme installation, and also a facility at Alluetts-le-Roi near Paris. Prophet, with the I-REMBASS monitoring system, will form the Ground Sensor Platoon of the brigade combat team Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA) Squadron. [62], Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation, United Kingdom: strategic ground platforms, United States: strategic ground platforms, US Marine Corps: tactical ground stations, US Army and Marines: tactical ground stations, United States: tactical aircraft platforms, United States: strategic aircraft platforms, European Space Council and current concerns. % Washington, D.C., March 8, 2022 - Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) U-2 reconnaissance aircraft flew more than 250 overflight and peripheral missions in Europe, the USSR, Mideast, and the Far East from June 1956 through 1959. Prophet Block I began rolling out in 19992000, and was operational in Afghanistan. jfv{6zv [54], All US submarines, as new construction on the Virginia-class submarines and retrofitted to the Improved Los Angeles-class submarines and possibly Seawolfs, will receive an upgraded Electronic Support (ES) suite, designed as a minimally manned, passive receiving system capable of detection, acquisition, identification, and localization of a variety of signals of interest. Modern ship installations generally involve intercept stations in mobile vans, which can be put onto the deck of a warship, although some nations, such as Russia and Spain, use essentially unarmed modified fishing vessels. The facility has been built in the early 1990s[1] and originally manned by AUS defence personnel, later augmented by UK personnel previously assigned to Hong Kong. An upgraded version of the same SIGINT payload is flown on U-2. After 1725 December Operations against government, existence of Genelkurmay Elektronik Sistemler (General Staff Electronic Systems) revealed. Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management. There it will serve the French defense ministry, as well as cooperating European countries. The system can be controlled manually or via subcompact personal computer. [6] The contract was awarded in 2004 and initial operational capability is expected by 2007. Newer submarines have an AN/WLR-8 radar signal analyzer and an AN/WLR-10 (or AN/BLR-15) radar warning receiver. Some Ilyushin Il-38SD were upgraded as part of "Programme Samudrika". DGA, the French military procurement agency, announced that the constellation of four Essaim ELINT satellites launched with Helios 2A on 18 December 2004 would begin operations in May 2005. Belgium is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners.[93]. The impairment of a fixed asset can be described as an abrupt decrease in fair value due to physical damage, changes in existing laws creating a permanent decrease, increased competition, poor management, obsolescence of technology, etc. impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform It contains, The AN/PRD-12 is a tactical, man-transportable system that provides search, intercept, and DF on One specialized technique, originally used in the First World War but again in the Korean War, was interception using ground return from wired telephones. PDF Army Signals Intelligence Training in The Brigade Combat Team - Dtic impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform best tattoo shops in orange county / nepal covid restrictions / impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform. (A) Targeted collection shall be prioritized. Planning started on French IMINT satellites called Helios, a radar imaging satellite called Osiris and then Horus, and a SIGINT satellite to be called Zenon when operational. It was first implemented in 2000 and should be in all US submarines by 2012. lorraine chase suffolk. Of the three-vessel Seawolf class, USSJimmy Carter also is of extended length for intelligence systems and special operations. In 1980 the Soviets built a group of more sophisticated purpose built vessels, such as the Balzam and Vishnya-class intelligence ships, which are operated by the Russian Navy today. The Yakima site, home of Detachment 4 of the 544th, is considered an ECHELON site:[1] "Six satellite antennas have been installed on the site [they are claimed to be] trained on INTELSAT satellites over the Pacific (two satellite antennas) and INTELSAT satellites over the Atlantic, and on INMARSAT Satellite 2. to HE360, the signals it plans to collect and analyze are not cur-rently available in the commercial sector. the act of impairing something or the state or condition of being impaired : diminishment or loss of function or ability See the full definition Its sensors covered the tactical to strategic spectrum. [50] The vessel concerned is the 1,900-ton renamed Alerta, In East German service, she had extensive antennas and a large radome. Two WJ-8618B(S1) acquisition receivers and a WJ-32850 MANTIS DF system which, together, provide signal intercept and radio direction finding, logistics variant of the light armored vehicle (LAV)-25, COMINT collection subsystem (CCS), including the AN/PRD-12 direction finding set (to be replaced by TOPMAKER) and collection receivers, communications subsystem (CS) using single-channel radio nets are used to link TPCS upgrade outstations with the RadBn TCAC to allow automated processing and dissemination of collected information and ultimate dissemination to the, Ajanta, an early SIGINT and EW platform developed by, Ellora, a SIGINT and EW platform that was developed as part of "Programme Sangraha", Nayan, a COMINT system developed under "Programme Samudrika", This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 16:57. These devices could be the communications systems, radars, and weapons systems used by any particular target. [citation needed]. It will have wideband acquisition, direction-finding and analysis sensors, for real-time monitoring and recording for subsequent analysis. With the capacity of the Zenit, additional capabilities were added, including telemetry through relay satellites. <> Gabriel SIGINT versions of the Transall are an upgraded electronic surveillance version in service with the French Air Force, which also operates four Astarte strategic communications relay versions. The present invention includes a new generation Fast Circuit Switch (packet/circuit) Communication processors and platform which enables a new Internet Exchange Networking Processor Architecture at the edge and core of every communication . SGEA will do intelligence fusion, including from UAV-carried sensor, and coordinate with electronic attack. It is reported to have SIGINT suites from Thales. Far beyond that, however, many submarines will penetrate hostile areas, raise SIGINT receiver masts, usually with some type of radar-observant covering, and listen. Current USN warships carry some version of the AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare system, which has ESM capabilities. French Transalls were upgraded in 1999, with a new head-up display and an upgraded electronic warfare suite, with a radar warning receiver, missile approach warner and chaff and decoy dispensers. Navigational systems include EFIS 854 TF Electronic Flight Instrumentation System, which includes an Electronic Attitude Director Indicator (EADI) and Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI). Some RU-8D aircraft had MASINT sensors for categorizing specific transmissions. As with RREP SS-1, the SS-2 operates at the modular level and at the integrated system level. In 1976, responsibility for production of the aircraft was given to Aerospatiale in France and MBB (now DaimlerChrysler Aerospace) in Germany. [54], EADS (formerly DASA) also equips British submarines with the CXA(2) HF interception and DF suite. A US-made variant, reported to have internal differences, is used by Saudi Arabia. The bulk collection of signals intelligence shall be authorized only based on a determinationby an Our workforce is deeply skilled in a wide range of highly technical fields that allow them to this work, and they develop and employ state-of-the-art tools and systems that are essential to success in today's fast-changing communications and information environment. [86] Under the AirSeeker program 3 Rivet Joint RC-135 signals intelligence aircraft have been purchased for 670 million in 2013. Sweden operates HSwMSOrion and plans to rebuild HSwMSCarlskrona as a SIGINT ship.[51]. specific signals intelligence collection activity may include, for example, a specific line of effort or target, as appropriate. Additional nations have launched IMINT satellites; SIGINT seems to be a lesser priority, with radar MASINT often a higher priority. Access to intelligence information is contingent upon the completion of such training sessions. In 1968, the next tactical improvement was the RU-21 LAFFIN EAGLE and the JU-21 LEFT JAB, the latter being the first with computerized direction finding and data storage. In military telecommunications, electronic support (ES) or electronic support measures (ESM) gather intelligence through passive "listening" to electromagnetic radiations of military interest.They are an aspect of electronic warfare involving actions taken under direct control of an operational commander to detect, intercept, identify, locate, record, and/or analyze sources of radiated . [104], According to,[105] the Tselina-2 is intended for land targets, while the US-PU EORSAT is intended for naval ELINT. It is reasonable to expect continuing upgrades from the EADS consortium. Counterintelligence Awareness and Reporting - PreTest JKO - Quizlet Many stations, for the countries with stations in many parts of the world, do have both aspects. These two warships were also assigned with UKUSA station designationsNZC334 and NZC335 respectivelyand were deployed on six-week missions to the South Pacific and Southeast Asia during the late 1980s and 1990s.[46]. Norway uses FS Marjata, a purpose-built electronic intelligence (ELINT) collection vessel. In 2004, the European Space Council was formed, although it is still struggling with dual-use issues, and the relationships with NATO and US policy. All EW aircraft have some ELINT capability if for no other reason than targeting. [15] Between 1955 and 1974, New Zealand signal officers were also regularly posted to a secret interception station in Singapore which was jointly run by Britain and Australia. Impairment of a Signals Intelligence collection platform or an unexplained compromise of U.S. Intelligence Operations are examples of NR1 was situated beside the Navy's main radio receiving Station, NR2. US tactical SIGINT aircraft include the EH-60A Quickfix helicopter, which has interception capabilities in the 1.5150MHz and direction finding between 20 and 76MHz. endobj European defense policy called for three new bodies that would need intelligence support: a Political and Security Committee composed of ambassadors with an advisory role to the EU Council of Ministers, a Military Committee of senior officers, and a Multinational Planning Staff. A new window will open and you will be requested to enter a name for your Public Account. [22] According to Hager, the GCSB's ground-based signal stations have in the past intercepted a wide range of foreign electronic communications including Japanese diplomatic cables, French military activities and nuclear weapons testing in the South Pacific, Pacific states' military maneuvers and trade agreements with the Soviet Union, and Russian/Soviet ships in the region and research bases in Antarctica. The French Air Force will begin retiring its fleet of C-160 transports in 2005. Early tactical stations were in use as early as World War I, but permanent strategic signals intelligence stations were established as world tensions grew before WWII. The Mexican Air Force has 2 Embraer P-99s and 1 Embraer R-99A. In addition to Samyukta, other role-specific tactical platforms include: During the Second World War, New Zealand established seven radio interception stations to support the Anglo-American war effort against Japan. Two first-generation Helios satellites, with 1-meter optical imaging resolution and no infrared capability, were launched in 1995 and 1999. 24: The National Security Agency Declassified", "History of the Air Intelligence Agency, 1 January 31 December 1994", "NAVSECGRU Instruction C5450.48A, Subj: Mission, Functions and Tasks of Naval Security Group Activity (NAVSECGRUACT) Sugar Grove, West Virginia", "Key Issues Relevant to Army Intelligence Transformation", "Prophet: Tactical SIGINT for the 21st Century ground signal intelligence system", "Signal Intelligence System Uncovers Enemy Sites", "U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Special Operations Command(MARSOC)", "FM 3-05.102 Army Special Forces Intelligence", "The AN/PRD-13 (V1) Man Portable Signal Intelligence System", "Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) MCWP 340.5 Electronic Warfare", "Flyvefisken-klassen PG/MHC/MLC (Standard Flex 300)", "Transportable Radio Direction Finding (TRDF) System (AN/SSQ-120)", "Up Periscope, Up Antenna: Hunter-Killer Submarines increasingly are Hunter-Gatherers of Intelligence", "A Rational Choice Revisited Submarine Capability in a Transformational Era", "Growing Asymmetries in the China-Japan Naval Balance", "The U.S. Intelligence Community 8: Signals Intelligence", "Statement to Senate Armed Services Committee Seapower Subcommittee on submarine Warfare Systems for the 21st century", "Defence confirms acquisition of two ISR and EW Gulfstreams", "L-3 G550 contract suggests new Australian surveillance deal", "P-8A Poseidon - Royal Australian Air Force", "R-99 utiliza sensor modernizado em operao no norte do Pas", "Brazil to boost security with unmanned Hermes 900", "FAB desativou o 1/6 GAV "Esquadro Carcar", "Lessons From Bosnia: The IFOR Experience, IV. Impairment - Definition, Indicators of Impairment Test, Practical Example 6PV@=y1iNSGJo:B fEgnUSgB ,9 hFxc/~(-kADT)z@U; 1dzw!X*u\Ge,z{^dmFwX"1` s[Da#RWR$Ys6n=mK=O^@4XDcxCaqP+ f}KV'}(;^s2{Tw4yiv3${qy)`p.+",#Cy>qU%HB;md=JM5@IS?Yf4*Gva:'DZHsC": Decommissioned in May 1999, the next generation was a former supply ship used since 1988 by the Nuclear Experiments Department for the Pacific Tests Centre (CEP), named Bougainville. In 1989 the unit was renamed Joint Defense Space Research Facility, Pine Gap, in 1998 becoming US Naval Security Group Detachment, Alice Springs and in 2005 becoming Navy Information Operations Detachment (NIOD) Alice Springs, Australia. France, still desiring to have three different space-based intelligence systems (IMINT, radar surveillance, SIGINT), had to face extremely high costs. v"H~vs|-]b9l8xV7qQJ8)x?%!#k%)]@Fg pJsoKGh? giR%q{RC0v5j(YIG1*j'd?%)$MU1Z5iiWVU#@PsoC/u`WF}%7$g+nvx8as9n?:?p$@fcidV+Y\IYI"j%,?}D}paB*AO":XW.#b !vm3 dm5qP=&)lpY/m+`giljgrI" JeQCf%% VUg=QWUf #&GZ9*Ni*T>stream [33] At the time of initial operational capability, the assumption was that PROPHET would be issued six systems per division, four per armored cavalry regiment (ACR), three per Initial Brigade Combat Team (IBCT). ", According to Duncan Campbell, "In 1999, the Sabana Seca field station appeared to have at least four radomes for satellite communications, one located beside an existing high frequency interception system targeted on Cuban radio communications. Italy plains joint development, with France, of the ORFEO (Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation) system, to be launched in 200810. The system achieved full operational readiness with the launch of the last satellite. In the vehicle-mounted variant, it can operate while moving; the vehicle also has racks for two AN/VRC-92 SINCGARS Combat Net Radios with backpacks, and carries an antenna mast and other equipment. ARMY SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE TRAINING IN THE BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM PREPARING FOR LARGE-SCALE COMBAT OPERATIONS, by MAJ Nicholas R. Haines 124 pages. This was a major change in British policy toward the EU, in that Britain had wanted the EU to stay out of defense issues, leaving them to NATO. To go to the next level of sophistication, phase is considered as well as amplitude, and interferometry adds further information. LAN communications are supported by SCI and GENSER ethernets. DGA officials note that Essaim has greater capacity than its predecessors and will provide some operational data. According to the current and former officials, the Directorate for Signals Intelligence, or DFS, employs about 1,700 people and has at least six surveillance facilities that eavesdrop around the . 2 0 obj Featuring L3Harris' innovative receiver technology and, utilising advanced signal detection and clustering techniques, MEWS automatically detects and conducts DF on all signals, exploits signals of interest and displays them to operators, providing near real time actionable intelligence to commanders. Taken together, these various factors result in a capability of strategic importance in so much as it exponentially expands the range of coercive options available to decision-makers. Technology, in many regards, has changed intelligence collection. The Transalls provided NATO SIGINT in Bosnia.[79]. Some systems are used at land stations of all services. After the loss of Iranian monitoring stations, these satellites were also given a TELINT capability. Russian aircraft with SIGINT capability include the Il-20 and Tu-214R. communications signals in the HF/VHF/UHF bands. ;D K(9rtdH;TDGJ]=:pBQbH'`49(!#nX;"X#6lCikPixaQ+0Dl[QkpV4C7Ly 9SZE6^z9`6pfp$PHm=# [68][69] In late 2015 it was announced that a number of Gulfstream G550s are being acquired alongside eight P-8A Poseidons, with reports that they will possibly form the replacement for the electronic intelligence-gathering role performed by the RAAF's AP-3 Orions. [18] The GCSB is also member of the five-member UKUSA Agreement, which also includes the SIGINT intelligence services of the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Australia. The aircraft was fitted with equipment developed by Thompson-CSF, similar to that installed in the earlirt Transall Gabriels. The Brigade Combat Team . TROJAN SPIRIT II is being replaced by AN/TSQ-226(V)TROJAN SPIRIT LITE. [54], Australia's Collins class has a SIGINT mission, emphasized when the vessels' combat system was replaced with an open-architecture surveillance system. [24] such as the Primor'ye class . The current (2019) Joint Military Communications Ground Station (JMCGS) is a SIGnals INTelligence intercept facility located at Kojarena appx 15 Mi east north east of Geraldton, Western Australia. The (V)2 is the baseline system, while the (V)5 has upgraded communications capabilities. Tasking for Prophet will come from primarily from the division-level Analysis and Control Element, modified by brigade-specific priorities and then send them to the Prophet via SINCGARS radio. 0X9z**&5j6++* yy/Z A radio propagation experiment, S80-T, was launched in 1992, as a predecessor of the ELINT experiments. Impairment of a Signals Intelligence collection platform or an Physically, the basic Prophet platform is built around a mounted AN/PRD-13(V)2 direction-finding (DF) system designed to provide force protection in a DS role to the maneuver brigade. [107] The US decided to admit to using satellites for SIGINT and MASINT in 1996. [74] The aircraft have recently undergone modernizations, which have included the addition of new MX-15 Optical Electrical Sensors. In no case, however, are these the only SIGINT antennas on the aircraft.[66]. [54], Porpoise,[42] a SIGINT and EW platform that was developed as part of "Programme Sangraha" of DRDO is known to be utilised on some submarines of the Indian Navy. MAGNUM geosynchronous SIGINT satellites were first launched from the Space Shuttle in 1985. In a Ministre de la Dfense 12/18/2004 statement, France announced[98] that Helios 2A is part of an exchange program planned with the SAR-Lupe and Italian COSMO-SKYMED systems, under development respectively in Germany and Italy.
