[20] The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. [41] These classifications are based on shared SNP mutations. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Although not exceeding 3% frequency overall, haplogroup G1-M285 reflects a branching event that is phylogenetically equivalent to the more widespread companion G2-P287 branch in the sense that both branches coalesce directly to the root of G-M201. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa . Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Jrve M et al. Frontiers | The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian This group has been linked with the Crypto-Jewish population which fled to the island during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, of which a significant portion are identifiable as G-Z725 (DYS388=13). Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) - Origins - LiquiSearch Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. It is provided at the request of readers. [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. We genotyped binary markers following PCR amplification, by either Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RFLP analysis, Taqman assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or direct Sanger sequencing methodology. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. Origin. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. Whatever the date or specific place of origin, part of the G family put down roots predominantly in the area south and east of the Caucasus mountains. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T et al. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. CAS The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 141149. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. Haplogroup - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. . However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. The L141 mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 2948607. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. (a) Principal component analysis by population. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic . The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. Samples from persons with British Isles, Sicilian and Turkish ancestry have been identified. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. Y-DNA Haplogroup G-M201 - Marres This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. G-L42/S146 (Y-DNA) - geni family tree There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). [Origin of European 3/6] First Farmer of Europe and Y-DNA Haplogroup G In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. Haplogroup G-M201 - Wikipedia Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. Hg G is most common in the Caucasus with a maximum frequency exceeding 70% in North Ossetians,2, 3 decreasing to 13% in Iran4 and then rapidly dissipating further eastward. and JavaScript. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. ASD0 is the average squared difference in the number of repeats between all current chromosomes of a sample and the founder haplotype, which is estimated as the median of current haplotypes. EKK thanks the Russian Academy of Sciences Program for Fundamental Research Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pools, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for state contracts P-325 and 02.740.11.07.01, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grants 04-04-48678- and 07-04-01016-. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). However, interpretations based on coarse haplogroup resolution frequency clines are unsophisticated and do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. N-mtDNA - Background | FamilyTreeDNA These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. Herein . Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Age Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. [7], (Subclades here conform to the Y-DNA SNP definitions used by ISOGG In 2012, several categories found only in one man in research studies were removed from the ISOGG tree causing some renaming. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades. Spallanzani, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Viola Grugni,Vincenza Battaglia,Carmela Nici,Francesca Crobu,Sena Karachanak,Baharak Hooshiar Kashani&Ornella Semino, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy, Centro Interdipartimentale Studi di Genere, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Unit Mixte de Recherche 6578, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Etablissement Franais du Sang, Biocultural Anthropology, Medical Faculty, Universit de la Mditerrane, Marseille, France, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72: 205214.
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