Although the Junkers did, indeed, continue to control the officer corps, they did not dominate social, political, and economic matters as much as the Sonderweg theorists had hypothesized. Guy, Monika Chavez, Thomas A. Lovik German_Unification_DBQ_from_AP_Classroom.docx - EUROPEAN Judicial System: Body of Prince electors that often fought. Chapter 19 AP Euro | Other Quiz - Quizizz Through military victory, Prussia under Bismarck's influence had overcome Austria's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany. [48] Failure to achieve unification in 1848, this argument holds, resulted in the late formation of the nation-state in 1871, which in turn delayed the development of positive national values. 9-8 Points Thesis is clearly stated and addresses BOTH statesmen and compares and contrasts their methods of unification. The overall content of the speeches suggested a fundamental difference between the German nationalism of the 1830s and the French nationalism of the July Revolution: the focus of German nationalism lay in the education of the people; once the populace was educated as to what was needed, they would accomplish it. AP Euro & World History Lecture: Italian & German Unification by Ye Olde History Shoppe 4.5 (2) $3.00 Google Slides This presentation includes checks for understanding and points of discussion: Everything you need to teach and review GERMAN & ITALIAN UNIFICATION with your AP European History or World History classes. [110], The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. Often, these two views of nationhood were in agreement. They believed any such conflict would only serve the interests of royal dynasties. Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. By late spring, most important states opposed Berlin's effort to reorganize the German states by force. [7], The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes. Mark Nicholas Jones - Co-Founder and CEO/CTO - LinkedIn In 1848, nationalists sought to remedy that problem. In 1813, Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations. Expand All Furthermore, elections were generally free of chicanery, engendering pride in the national parliament. As a further consequence, there was no German national identity in development as late as 1800, mainly due to the highly autonomous or semi-independent nature of the princely states; most inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, outside of those ruled by the emperor directly, identified themselves mainly with their prince rather than with the Empire or the nation as a whole. Mann, Chapter 6, pp. The career and music of Richard Wagner offer a unique interdisciplinary approach to the romantic aspect of German nationalism. Although many Catholics sympathized with conservative politics, Bismarck viewed Roman Catholicism, with its purported loyalty to a Roman pontiff, as a potential weakness to the German state. [4], A common language may have been seen to serve as the basis of a nation, but as contemporary historians of 19th-century Germany noted, it took more than linguistic similarity to unify these several hundred polities. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of "clay". In response, Catholics organized themselves into the Catholic Center Party, which was in an advantageous position to earn concessions from liberals and conservatives (and eventually socialists) trying to build political coalitions. Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine; his army and his government collapsed, and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba. A complete overview of the AP European History exam. Examples of this argument appear in: Ralf Dahrendorf. Comparing and contrasting Wagner's views of nationalism in "Art and Revolution" with Bismarck's speech to the Prussian Lower House, what are the strengths and weaknesses of each view? Their own interests, which they understood as "civil" or "bourgeois", seemed irrelevant. 432; Holt, p. 75. [96], The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself, which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland ("Camp Misery"), threw the French government into turmoil; Napoleon's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic. Denis Mack Smith (editor). Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck. [59], Other nationalists had high hopes for the German unification movement, and the frustration with lasting German unification after 1850 seemed to set the national movement back. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. The Unification of Italy and Germany Nationalism and Enlightenment ideas energized people in Europe to push for more democratic forms of government in the 1800's. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it inspired people to revolt against European rule and seek to create their own nations. A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. Students will analyze the creation of the German Empire as constructed "from above" by Prussian leadership through political institutions, economic interest, diplomacy, and war and the consequences of this for political, religious, and nationalistic opponents of German unification. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. Second, through diplomatic maneuvering, a skilful leader could create an environment in which a rival state would declare war first, thus forcing states allied with the "victim" of external aggression to come to the leader's aid. Italian Unification: AP European History Crash Course - Albert Resources Document A Historian R. R. Palmer, on German unification, 2002 Gradually, as we have seen, the Germans became dissatisfied with their position. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un vowed to strengthen state control over agriculture and take a spate of other steps to increase grain production . Prussia's defeat of Denmark and annexation of Schleswig-Holstein set Prussia on a collision course with Austria for dominance of central Europe. The full text of Wagner's essay is available online. [8] The critical role played by Blcher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against the French. Prussia's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the Partitions of Poland, the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War under Frederick the Great. p.235. The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. This opportunity arose with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. [68], By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. Their "radicalness" depended upon where they stood on the spectrum of male suffrage: the wider the definition of suffrage, the more radical. As the music builds, display a picture of the opening scene. [62] This shuffling of authority within the Prussian military establishment would have important consequences. Since the 15th century, with few exceptions, the Empire's Prince-electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg from the Duchy of Austria to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor. The needle gun, one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict, aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro-Prussian War two years later. This digital interactive notebook for World History & AP Euro . [118], By the years of unification, German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional, intellectual, and social life. This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Wrttemberg and Baden. The religious reform movement among German Jews reflected this effort. France's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states. Water transportation also improved. AP Euro: German Unification 45,625 views Jan 31, 2015 546 Dislike Share Paul Sargent 28.5K subscribers An overview of the process of German unification, with an emphasis on the role of Otto. The German Unification: Timeline & Summary | StudySmarter Constructing Class and Nationality in Alsace, 1830-1945. Concurrent with this idea, movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged, and these particularly focused on the Rhineland, the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain.[43]. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test . b. prussia defeated france and gained control of the provinces of alsace and lorraine. Finally, the Polish majority living in the share of Polish territory annexed by Prussia pursued their own liberation agenda. This impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme. In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's army restructure, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power. Victor Grossman is a journalist from the U.S. now living in Berlin. Finally, Germany was not entirely German. March 2, 2023 2:09 AM PT. "The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building.". The Mecklenburgs joined in 1867, while Bremen and Hamburg joined in 1888. G.Wawro. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. [46] Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to overcome, the Frankfurt Parliament did manage to draft a constitution and reach an agreement on the kleindeutsch solution.
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